CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) −
| Clicks |
Voiced implosives |
Ejectives |
|
ʘ
|
Bilabial |
ɓ
|
Bilabial |
ʼ
|
Ejective |
|
ǀ
|
Dental |
ɗ
|
Dental/alveolar |
pʼ
|
Bilabial |
|
ǃ
|
(Post)alveolar |
ʄ
|
Palatal |
tʼ
|
Dental/alveolar |
|
ǂ
|
Palatoalveolar |
ɠ
|
Velar |
kʼ
|
Velar |
|
ǁ
|
Alveolar lateral |
ʛ
|
Uvular |
sʼ
|
Alveolar fricative |
OTHER SYMBOLS −
|
ʍ
|
Voiceless labial-velar fricative |
ɕ
|
ʑ
|
Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
|
w
|
Voiced labial-velar approximant |
|
ɺ
|
Voiced alveolar lateral flap |
|
ɥ
|
Voiced labial-palatal approximant |
ɧ
|
|
Simultaneous ʃ and x |
|
ʜ
|
Voiceless epiglottal fricative |
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. |
|
ʢ
|
Voiced epiglottal fricative/approximant |
|
ʡ
|
Epiglottal plosive |
͜
|
͡
|
Tie bar (below/above) |
DIACRITICS −
|
̥
|
Voiceless |
̤
|
Breathy voiced |
̪
|
Dental |
|
̬
|
Voiced |
̰
|
Creaky voiced |
̺
|
Apical |
|
ʰ
|
Aspirated |
̼
|
Linguolabial |
̻
|
Laminal |
|
̹
|
More rounded |
ʷ
|
Labialized |
̃
|
Nasalized |
|
̜
|
Less rounded |
ʲ
|
Palatalized |
ⁿ
|
Nasal release |
|
̟
|
Advanced |
ˠ
|
Velarized |
ˡ
|
Lateral release |
|
̠
|
Retracted |
ˤ
|
Pharyngealized |
̚
|
No audible release |
|
̈
|
Centralized |
̴
|
Velarized or pharyngealized |
|
̽
|
Mid-centralized |
̝
|
Raised |
|
̩
|
Syllabic |
̞
|
Lowered |
|
̯
|
Non-syllabic |
̘
|
Advanced tongue root |
|
˞
|
Rhoticity |
̙
|
Retracted tongue root |
Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender.
|
VOWELS −
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
Close |
|
| |
Close-mid |
| |
Open-mid |
| |
Open |
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
SUPRASEGMENTALS −
|
ˈ
|
Primary stress |
|
ˌ
|
Secondary stress |
|
ː
|
Long |
|
ˑ
|
Half-long |
|
̆
|
Extra-short |
|
|
|
Minor (foot) group |
|
‖
|
Major (intonation) group |
|
.
|
Syllable break |
|
‿
|
Linking (absence of a break) |
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS −
| Level |
Contour |
|
̋
|
or |
˥
|
Extra high |
̌
|
or |
˩˥
|
Rising |
|
́
|
|
˦
|
High |
̂
|
|
˥˩
|
Falling |
|
̄
|
|
˧
|
Mid |
᷄
|
|
˧˥
|
High rising |
|
̀
|
|
˨
|
Low
|
᷅
|
|
˩˧
|
Low rising |
|
̏
|
|
˩
|
Extra low |
᷈
|
|
˧˦˨
|
Rising-falling |
|
ꜜ
|
Downstep |
↗
|
Global rise |
|
ꜛ
|
Upstep |
↘
|
Global fall |
|