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CONSONANTS
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Bi-labial |
Labio-
dental |
Dental and Alveolar |
Retroflex |
Palato-alveolar |
Alveolo-palatal |
Palatal |
Velar |
Uvular |
Pharyngeal |
Glottal |
| Plosive |
p |
b |
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t |
d |
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ʈ |
ɖ |
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c |
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k |
ɡ |
q |
ɢ |
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ʔ |
| Nasal |
m |
ɱ |
n |
ɳ |
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ɲ |
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ŋ |
ɴ |
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| Lateral Fricative |
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ɬ |
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| Lateral Non-fricative |
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l |
ɭ |
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ʎ |
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| Rolled |
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r |
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ʀ |
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| Flapped |
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ɾ |
ɽ |
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ʀ |
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| Fricative |
ɸ |
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f |
v |
θ |
ð |
s |
z |
ɹ |
ʂ |
ʐ |
ʃ |
ʒ |
ɕ |
ʑ |
ç |
ʝ |
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x |
ɣ |
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ʁ |
ħ |
ʕ |
h |
ɦ |
| Frictionless Continuants and Semi-vowels |
w |
ɥ |
ʋ |
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ɹ |
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j |
(ɥ) |
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(w) |
ʁ |
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VOWELS
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Front |
Central |
Back |
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| Close |
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i |
y |
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ɨ |
ʉ |
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ɯ |
u |
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| Half-open |
(ø o)
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e |
ø |
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ɤ |
o |
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ə |
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| Half-close |
(œ ɔ)
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ε |
œ |
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ʌ |
ɔ |
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æ |
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ɐ |
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| Open |
(ɒ) |
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a |
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ɑ |
ɒ |
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(Secondary articulations are shown by symbols in brackets.)
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Other Sounds |
Palatalized consonants: ƫ, ᶁ, etc.; palatalized ʃ, ʒ: ʆ, ʓ |
ɺ |
a sound between r and l |
| Velarized or pharyngalized consonants: ɫ, ᵭ, ᵶ, etc. |
ƞ |
Japanese syllabic nasal |
| Ejective consonants (with simultaneous glottal stop): pʼ, tʼ, etc. |
ɧ |
combination of x and ʃ |
| Implosive voiced consonants: ɓ, ɗ, etc. |
ʍ |
voiceless w |
| ɼ |
fricative trill |
ɩ, ʏ, ɷ |
lowered varieties of i, y, u |
| σ, ƍ |
labialized θ, ð, or s, z |
ε |
a variety of ə |
| ƪ, ƺ |
labialized ʃ, ʒ |
ɵ |
a vowel between ø and o |
| ʇ, , |
clicks, Zulu c, q, x |
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Affricates are normally represented by groups of two consonants (ts, tʃ, dʒ, etc.), but, when necessary, ligatures are used (ʦ, ʧ, ʤ, etc.), or the marks ◌͡◌ or ◌͜◌ (t͡s or t͜s, etc.).
◌͡◌͏ ◌͜◌ also denote synchronic articulation (m͡ŋ = simultaneous m and ŋ).
c, may occasionally be used in place of tʃ, dʒ, and ƾ, ƻ for ts, dz.
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Aspirated plosives: ph, th, etc.
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r-coloured vowels: eɹ, aɹ, ɔɹ, etc., or eʴ, aʴ, ɔʴ, etc., or ᶒ, ᶐ, ᶗ, etc.; r-coloured ə: əɹ or əʴ or ɹ or ᶕ.
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| Length, Stress, Pitch |
◌͏ː |
full length |
ˊ◌ ◌́ |
high rising |
◌͏ˑ |
half length |
ˏ◌ ◌̗ |
low rising |
ˈ◌͏ |
stress, placed at beginning of the stressed syllable |
ˋ◌ ◌̀ |
high falling |
ˌ◌͏ |
secondary stress |
ˎ◌ ◌̖ |
low falling |
ˉ◌ ◌̄ |
high level pitch |
ˆ◌͏ ◌̂ |
rise-fall |
ˍ◌ ◌̱ |
low level |
ˇ◌͏ ◌̌ |
fall-rise |
| Modifiers |
◌͏͏͂ |
nasality |
◌˕ ◌̞ |
tongue lowered (e˕ or e͏͏̞ = ę) |
◌̥ |
breath (l̥ = breathed l) |
◌˖ ◌̟ |
tongue advanced (u˖ or u͏͏̟ = an advanced u, t̟ = t͏̪) |
◌̬ |
voice (s̬ = z) |
◌˗ ◌̠ |
or - tongue retracted (i˗ or i̱ = ɨ˖, ṯ = alveolar t) |
◌ʻ |
slight aspiration following p, t, etc. |
◌˒ |
lips more rounded |
◌̫ |
labialization (n̫ = labialized n) |
◌˓ |
lips more spread |
◌͏̪ |
dental articulation (t͏̪ = dental t) |
Central vowels: ï (= ɨ), ü (= ʉ), ë (= ə˔), ö (= ɵ), ε̈, ɔ̈ |
◌̇ |
palatalization (ż = ᶎ) |
◌͏͏̩ |
(e.g. n̩) syllabic consonant |
◌̣ |
specially close vowel (ẹ = a very close e) |
◌̆ |
consonantal vowel |
◌̜ |
specially open vowel (ę = a rather open e) |
ʃˢ |
variety of ʃ resembling s, etc. |
◌˔ ◌̝ |
tongue raised (e˔ or e͏͏̝ = ẹ) |
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